In this chapter, we will see how to explore data to:
This is not a formal process and you should feel free to investigate every idea that occurs to you. With the exploratory data analysis we can now the quality of our data, it it meet or not our expectations, if it is necessary to clean, transform, etc.
As with most of the projects, we start choosing a working directory to indicate R where are our files.
getwd() # Current working directory
setwd("C:/GEO77_R_course") # Set a working directory
setwd("C:\\GEO77_R_course") # another valid way to select the same working directory
setwd("C:\GEO77_R_course") # an invalid way of selecting the same working directory
or go to Session/Set Working Directory/Choose directory… and select folder
or press Ctrl+⇧Shift+H and select folder
Why?
R has the ability to load multiple file formats, which can be further extended through packages.
Reading a dataset read.table()
# relative file location
file_location <- "C:/GEO77_R_course/data/soil_data.txt"
# absolute file location
file_location <- "./data/soil_data.txt"
soil_data <- read.table(file_location, header = TRUE)
names(soil_data)
## [1] "OBJECTID" "x" "y" "coarse" "clay" "silt"
## [7] "sand" "pH" "OC" "N" "P" "K"
## [13] "CEC" "pH_class"
str(soil_data)
## 'data.frame': 346 obs. of 14 variables:
## $ OBJECTID: int 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
## $ x : num 789504 773300 773621 766972 765574 ...
## $ y : num 5318238 5334066 5308045 5360016 5311956 ...
## $ coarse : int 12 8 14 13 12 5 50 5 35 9 ...
## $ clay : int 21 23 22 17 18 17 22 19 21 33 ...
## $ silt : int 41 72 58 54 56 74 39 63 69 60 ...
## $ sand : int 38 5 20 28 27 9 39 18 10 7 ...
## $ pH : num 6.32 5.56 5.1 7.34 6.12 6.6 7.2 7.39 7.02 6.24 ...
## $ OC : num 17.8 18 27.7 12.5 31.5 ...
## $ N : num 1.8 1.8 2.5 1.4 3.2 ...
## $ P : num 20.1 60.6 15 27.6 24.1 55.6 49.3 84.2 76.6 54.4 ...
## $ K : num 126.8 234.3 70.1 17.6 68.1 ...
## $ CEC : num 12.6 10.4 8.3 12.7 18.7 12.9 36 16.5 22.5 27.5 ...
## $ pH_class: chr "acidic" "acidic" "acidic" "neutral" ...
| OBJECTID | x | y | coarse | clay | silt | sand | pH | OC | N | P | K | CEC | pH_class |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 789503.5 | 5318238 | 12 | 21 | 41 | 38 | 6.32 | 17.8 | 1.8 | 20.1 | 126.8 | 12.6 | acidic |
| 2 | 773299.8 | 5334066 | 8 | 23 | 72 | 5 | 5.56 | 18.0 | 1.8 | 60.6 | 234.3 | 10.4 | acidic |
| 3 | 773620.8 | 5308045 | 14 | 22 | 58 | 20 | 5.10 | 27.7 | 2.5 | 15.0 | 70.1 | 8.3 | acidic |
| 4 | 766972.2 | 5360016 | 13 | 17 | 54 | 28 | 7.34 | 12.5 | 1.4 | 27.6 | 17.6 | 12.7 | neutral |
| 5 | 765574.1 | 5311956 | 12 | 18 | 56 | 27 | 6.12 | 31.5 | 3.2 | 24.1 | 68.1 | 18.7 | acidic |
| 6 | 763222.3 | 5339957 | 5 | 17 | 74 | 9 | 6.60 | 12.4 | 1.4 | 55.6 | 123.9 | 12.9 | neutral |
| 7 | 763674.4 | 5303926 | 50 | 22 | 39 | 39 | 7.20 | 103.3 | 7.7 | 49.3 | 111.9 | 36.0 | neutral |
| 8 | 759071.3 | 5351917 | 5 | 19 | 63 | 18 | 7.39 | 17.0 | 1.9 | 84.2 | 0.0 | 16.5 | neutral |
| 9 | 759246.5 | 5337908 | 35 | 21 | 69 | 10 | 7.02 | 36.1 | 3.8 | 76.6 | 74.0 | 22.5 | neutral |
| 10 | 759699.9 | 5301880 | 9 | 33 | 60 | 7 | 6.24 | 72.8 | 6.7 | 54.4 | 764.4 | 27.5 | acidic |
| 11 | 756896.7 | 5365899 | 27 | 21 | 38 | 42 | 6.15 | 19.1 | 1.7 | 68.1 | 241.7 | 10.8 | acidic |
| 12 | 754942.4 | 5361877 | 20 | 17 | 57 | 26 | 6.72 | 15.2 | 1.7 | 74.6 | 139.7 | 15.0 | neutral |
| 13 | 753585.4 | 5311848 | 23 | 14 | 56 | 30 | 7.54 | 30.7 | 3.0 | 72.7 | 107.9 | 21.3 | alkaline |
| 14 | 749375.0 | 5327783 | 33 | 17 | 45 | 38 | 5.44 | 17.4 | 1.8 | 44.7 | 96.5 | 7.8 | acidic |
| 15 | 747123.7 | 5347773 | 17 | 20 | 63 | 17 | 7.29 | 20.2 | 2.2 | 19.6 | 94.9 | 16.6 | neutral |
| 16 | 745452.8 | 5321736 | 47 | 28 | 42 | 30 | 6.89 | 57.1 | 5.4 | 17.9 | 87.9 | 31.4 | neutral |
| 17 | 741023.2 | 5355707 | 29 | 25 | 54 | 21 | 7.32 | 50.4 | 5.4 | 86.0 | 657.7 | 33.9 | neutral |
| 18 | 741425.8 | 5323691 | 9 | 8 | 39 | 53 | 7.43 | 11.1 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 132.1 | 9.5 | neutral |
| 19 | 737249.5 | 5337649 | 20 | 16 | 41 | 44 | 7.26 | 30.2 | 2.9 | 64.6 | 210.0 | 30.2 | neutral |
| 20 | 737530.0 | 5315635 | 16 | 18 | 52 | 30 | 7.03 | 38.0 | 3.7 | 35.2 | 191.7 | 20.7 | neutral |
| 21 | 735121.1 | 5347621 | 4 | 19 | 54 | 28 | 3.81 | 49.5 | 3.0 | 24.2 | 45.1 | 10.6 | acidic |
| 22 | 735350.4 | 5329623 | 19 | 19 | 47 | 34 | 6.85 | 40.4 | 4.7 | 86.6 | 187.4 | 19.4 | neutral |
| 23 | 733300.3 | 5333599 | 34 | 18 | 65 | 17 | 7.61 | 30.5 | 2.7 | 48.2 | 145.2 | 17.8 | alkaline |
| 24 | 733754.7 | 5297578 | 25 | 7 | 37 | 55 | 7.24 | 32.2 | 2.5 | 10.6 | 35.0 | 13.6 | neutral |
| 25 | 728897.7 | 5365571 | 14 | 22 | 52 | 26 | 6.80 | 15.8 | 1.7 | 42.1 | 106.4 | 16.4 | neutral |
| 26 | 729505.9 | 5317542 | 18 | 31 | 53 | 17 | 6.19 | 83.7 | 8.5 | 33.6 | 106.9 | 35.2 | acidic |
| 27 | 729805.0 | 5293528 | 23 | 41 | 45 | 15 | 6.39 | 41.1 | 4.0 | 15.5 | 116.8 | 24.4 | acidic |
| 28 | 725505.1 | 5317497 | 27 | 18 | 43 | 39 | 6.87 | 197.3 | 12.5 | 42.9 | 102.4 | 73.7 | neutral |
| 29 | 723759.1 | 5297460 | 19 | 31 | 56 | 13 | 7.13 | 68.9 | 6.6 | 65.1 | 125.3 | 40.8 | neutral |
| 30 | 719027.6 | 5355448 | 15 | 14 | 73 | 12 | 7.51 | 11.2 | 1.3 | 71.2 | 187.5 | 12.2 | alkaline |
| 31 | 719633.5 | 5307419 | 21 | 28 | 36 | 36 | 6.16 | 33.5 | 3.2 | 23.7 | 162.4 | 24.6 | acidic |
| 32 | 714798.8 | 5373406 | 4 | 22 | 69 | 9 | 7.44 | 12.3 | 1.4 | 59.3 | 313.3 | 17.5 | neutral |
| 33 | 713154.9 | 5345368 | 14 | 27 | 69 | 3 | 6.46 | 21.0 | 2.2 | 40.0 | 79.6 | 18.4 | acidic |
| 34 | 707370.6 | 5335263 | 28 | 22 | 45 | 33 | 7.84 | 28.3 | 2.7 | 73.6 | 324.7 | 24.1 | alkaline |
| 35 | 704857.7 | 5369280 | 24 | 22 | 44 | 35 | 7.52 | 33.8 | 3.4 | 79.2 | 88.8 | 27.5 | alkaline |
| 36 | 705765.8 | 5297246 | 17 | 26 | 57 | 18 | 5.23 | 45.7 | 4.3 | 41.1 | 116.6 | 13.5 | acidic |
| 37 | 700340.3 | 5409247 | 11 | 23 | 54 | 23 | 8.14 | 38.2 | 2.6 | 21.0 | 104.5 | 24.4 | alkaline |
| 38 | 700623.5 | 5387240 | 7 | 27 | 60 | 13 | 6.77 | 17.9 | 1.9 | 53.2 | 337.7 | 14.7 | neutral |
| 39 | 700957.7 | 5361230 | 3 | 40 | 53 | 7 | 7.65 | 63.4 | 5.7 | 15.5 | 92.9 | 55.3 | alkaline |
| 40 | 701084.6 | 5351227 | 10 | 28 | 60 | 12 | 7.58 | 68.1 | 5.5 | 51.1 | 117.0 | 50.9 | alkaline |
| 41 | 694472.1 | 5399168 | 19 | 6 | 11 | 84 | 5.58 | 6.2 | 0.7 | 73.9 | 100.5 | 3.5 | acidic |
| 42 | 694933.8 | 5363158 | 19 | 15 | 38 | 48 | 6.24 | 10.3 | 1.3 | 35.0 | 176.8 | 6.8 | acidic |
| 43 | 692830.7 | 5371134 | 12 | 13 | 41 | 46 | 6.61 | 15.0 | 1.6 | 59.1 | 190.7 | 8.1 | neutral |
| 44 | 690239.9 | 5417126 | 9 | 26 | 59 | 15 | 7.69 | 18.2 | 1.7 | 24.1 | 119.6 | 20.6 | alkaline |
| 45 | 690317.1 | 5411119 | 16 | 23 | 64 | 13 | 7.95 | 20.1 | 1.8 | 62.3 | 20.5 | 20.3 | alkaline |
| 46 | 690703.2 | 5381116 | 15 | 20 | 55 | 25 | 7.06 | 14.9 | 1.5 | 92.2 | 235.4 | 15.2 | neutral |
| 47 | 691163.3 | 5345102 | 42 | 19 | 39 | 42 | 7.56 | 37.7 | 3.7 | 37.8 | 366.6 | 25.1 | alkaline |
| 48 | 686111.6 | 5427077 | 8 | 23 | 68 | 8 | 7.01 | 16.9 | 1.8 | 90.9 | 387.1 | 15.1 | neutral |
| 49 | 686577.7 | 5391068 | 5 | 21 | 23 | 56 | 6.84 | 28.2 | 3.0 | 10.7 | 0.0 | 20.9 | neutral |
| 50 | 687674.8 | 5305036 | 7 | 33 | 39 | 28 | 6.96 | 54.4 | 5.6 | 33.1 | 218.5 | 34.5 | neutral |
| 51 | 685600.6 | 5311015 | 26 | 19 | 48 | 33 | 7.31 | 38.7 | 3.8 | 10.3 | 122.6 | 31.1 | neutral |
| 52 | 680372.4 | 5406996 | 5 | 17 | 48 | 34 | 6.33 | 12.3 | 1.5 | 52.0 | 184.0 | 8.5 | acidic |
| 53 | 680449.6 | 5400997 | 21 | 25 | 50 | 25 | 7.66 | 35.3 | 2.1 | 47.8 | 291.5 | 20.5 | alkaline |
| 54 | 680604.4 | 5388992 | 5 | 6 | 14 | 80 | 7.56 | 32.8 | 2.4 | 13.3 | 135.2 | 18.3 | alkaline |
| 55 | 680683.4 | 5382991 | 6 | 10 | 21 | 69 | 6.25 | 8.9 | 1.1 | 35.0 | 199.1 | 5.9 | acidic |
| 56 | 680914.2 | 5364990 | 5 | 18 | 62 | 20 | 5.72 | 11.6 | 1.2 | 40.1 | 146.4 | 9.2 | acidic |
| 57 | 681066.5 | 5352983 | 2 | 36 | 37 | 26 | 6.44 | 28.4 | 2.9 | 23.9 | 115.1 | 26.8 | acidic |
| 58 | 676710.0 | 5380941 | 14 | 13 | 45 | 43 | 5.54 | 13.4 | 1.6 | 31.9 | 120.7 | 8.2 | acidic |
| 59 | 676996.0 | 5358943 | 14 | 15 | 26 | 59 | 7.46 | 16.2 | 1.6 | 84.5 | 121.5 | 14.7 | neutral |
| 60 | 672246.2 | 5416900 | 18 | 30 | 49 | 21 | 7.89 | 32.3 | 2.2 | 98.2 | 425.6 | 23.6 | alkaline |
| 61 | 672323.6 | 5410899 | 4 | 15 | 31 | 54 | 7.16 | 13.0 | 1.3 | 53.4 | 399.8 | 10.0 | neutral |
| 62 | 673351.6 | 5330876 | 8 | 9 | 65 | 26 | 6.69 | 13.2 | 1.5 | 67.4 | 128.0 | 11.2 | neutral |
| 63 | 673875.4 | 5290858 | 11 | 16 | 52 | 32 | 7.40 | 44.2 | 4.2 | 13.4 | 168.4 | 36.6 | neutral |
| 64 | 669043.9 | 5354836 | 9 | 18 | 37 | 45 | 6.75 | 13.1 | 1.6 | 94.6 | 262.2 | 12.0 | neutral |
| 65 | 669097.6 | 5350835 | 0 | 18 | 28 | 53 | 6.02 | 47.3 | 4.1 | 40.0 | 102.3 | 21.6 | acidic |
| 66 | 664505.2 | 5396794 | 12 | 11 | 14 | 74 | 7.33 | 29.1 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 264.5 | 17.1 | neutral |
| 67 | 664637.5 | 5386795 | 1 | 7 | 10 | 82 | 5.97 | 73.8 | 5.8 | 23.7 | 373.3 | 29.0 | acidic |
| 68 | 665892.2 | 5288761 | 34 | 20 | 49 | 31 | 6.84 | 37.3 | 3.4 | 20.0 | 193.5 | 27.9 | neutral |
| 69 | 664070.1 | 5274732 | 21 | 62 | 38 | 1 | 6.69 | 113.5 | 9.8 | 11.3 | 192.6 | 63.8 | neutral |
| 70 | 658251.4 | 5416723 | 23 | 39 | 35 | 26 | 7.69 | 32.8 | 3.0 | 77.0 | 467.0 | 27.9 | alkaline |
| 71 | 657845.6 | 5292668 | 16 | 45 | 43 | 12 | 6.80 | 123.8 | 8.6 | 17.4 | 156.6 | 64.7 | neutral |
| 72 | 654331.6 | 5410671 | 11 | 23 | 61 | 16 | 6.54 | 12.6 | 1.4 | 53.2 | 147.2 | 13.9 | neutral |
| 73 | 650434.7 | 5404620 | 10 | 29 | 54 | 17 | 7.33 | 27.2 | 1.9 | 95.4 | 543.3 | 22.1 | neutral |
| 74 | 651339.4 | 5332605 | 16 | 27 | 53 | 20 | 6.79 | 32.2 | 3.2 | 50.6 | 57.4 | 22.3 | neutral |
| 75 | 651748.9 | 5300596 | 2 | 23 | 41 | 36 | 6.35 | 40.1 | 4.1 | 47.8 | 151.0 | 20.3 | acidic |
| 76 | 647675.0 | 5306549 | 0 | 36 | 49 | 16 | 5.67 | 63.2 | 5.4 | 0.0 | 99.7 | 28.5 | acidic |
| 77 | 641883.8 | 5290470 | 10 | 31 | 50 | 19 | 5.84 | 50.8 | 5.2 | 21.1 | 115.5 | 29.0 | acidic |
| 78 | 633763.7 | 5300372 | 3 | 17 | 61 | 22 | 6.84 | 53.5 | 5.7 | 13.5 | 166.6 | 32.5 | neutral |
| 79 | 779726.1 | 5458249 | 7 | 17 | 37 | 46 | 6.49 | 57.3 | 5.2 | 16.0 | 67.4 | 17.5 | acidic |
| 80 | 775645.8 | 5464203 | 10 | 16 | 35 | 48 | 6.35 | 15.6 | 1.6 | 76.6 | 543.1 | 10.1 | acidic |
| 81 | 771799.3 | 5452147 | 17 | 11 | 28 | 61 | 7.07 | 17.4 | 1.7 | 139.4 | 688.1 | 7.0 | neutral |
| 82 | 765772.8 | 5454076 | 17 | 13 | 27 | 59 | 6.27 | 21.0 | 1.9 | 74.5 | 482.4 | 9.2 | acidic |
| 83 | 761720.6 | 5458028 | 3 | 23 | 44 | 33 | 5.59 | 24.4 | 2.4 | 43.3 | 282.1 | 9.5 | acidic |
| 84 | 757460.7 | 5477988 | 8 | 20 | 36 | 44 | 7.20 | 15.8 | 1.6 | 65.7 | 414.3 | 14.6 | neutral |
| 85 | 753173.0 | 5499946 | 6 | 17 | 51 | 31 | 7.00 | 15.7 | 1.5 | 51.8 | 183.2 | 9.9 | neutral |
| 86 | 751899.5 | 5443901 | 24 | 21 | 38 | 41 | 6.18 | 29.5 | 2.5 | 14.6 | 213.3 | 13.6 | acidic |
| 87 | 747536.9 | 5471862 | 30 | 10 | 26 | 64 | 6.20 | 12.5 | 1.3 | 63.5 | 130.9 | 7.4 | acidic |
| 88 | 747820.6 | 5449854 | 27 | 8 | 24 | 69 | 5.37 | 9.3 | 1.0 | 147.3 | 280.6 | 6.5 | acidic |
| 89 | 748051.9 | 5431845 | 22 | 22 | 61 | 17 | 8.08 | 31.1 | 2.4 | 45.2 | 138.7 | 20.6 | alkaline |
| 90 | 744805.7 | 5527855 | 13 | 18 | 30 | 52 | 5.34 | 62.7 | 5.2 | 15.0 | 58.6 | 15.9 | acidic |
| 91 | 746127.0 | 5425818 | 5 | 38 | 46 | 16 | 7.26 | 54.2 | 5.2 | 22.9 | 196.4 | 38.1 | neutral |
| 92 | 738751.2 | 5531779 | 9 | 18 | 34 | 47 | 6.69 | 16.5 | 1.4 | 95.8 | 218.3 | 11.8 | neutral |
| 93 | 739118.4 | 5503778 | 9 | 15 | 32 | 53 | 5.96 | 30.7 | 2.4 | 17.2 | 138.3 | 10.9 | acidic |
| 94 | 739405.1 | 5481764 | 5 | 23 | 37 | 40 | 6.07 | 29.8 | 2.9 | 15.7 | 76.6 | 14.3 | acidic |
| 95 | 735325.8 | 5487720 | 9 | 13 | 29 | 58 | 7.07 | 12.6 | 1.3 | 45.5 | 194.3 | 13.9 | neutral |
| 96 | 735871.1 | 5445705 | 18 | 16 | 33 | 50 | 5.78 | 22.1 | 2.3 | 50.0 | 305.7 | 10.2 | acidic |
| 97 | 732802.2 | 5527702 | 19 | 15 | 34 | 51 | 5.46 | 32.0 | 2.7 | 69.0 | 71.0 | 7.6 | acidic |
| 98 | 733430.1 | 5479691 | 14 | 11 | 39 | 51 | 7.21 | 13.9 | 1.4 | 59.4 | 155.2 | 12.9 | neutral |
| 99 | 730934.1 | 5517675 | 12 | 11 | 32 | 57 | 5.24 | 15.2 | 1.7 | 38.9 | 79.2 | 10.3 | acidic |
| 100 | 731168.6 | 5499671 | 15 | 10 | 23 | 67 | 5.93 | 9.1 | 1.1 | 49.8 | 243.8 | 5.1 | acidic |
| 101 | 732103.6 | 5427645 | 22 | 24 | 70 | 6 | 7.36 | 16.6 | 1.8 | 54.0 | 665.6 | 18.8 | neutral |
| 102 | 729586.7 | 5467637 | 5 | 8 | 13 | 79 | 7.07 | 14.4 | 1.2 | 43.5 | 189.0 | 7.4 | neutral |
| 103 | 727746.0 | 5455610 | 19 | 51 | 42 | 7 | 5.60 | 48.9 | 4.4 | 0.0 | 99.5 | 20.8 | acidic |
| 104 | 727896.5 | 5443603 | 9 | 8 | 24 | 68 | 6.17 | 9.8 | 0.9 | 76.2 | 145.7 | 4.8 | acidic |
| 105 | 722052.4 | 5431527 | 5 | 20 | 49 | 31 | 7.25 | 12.9 | 1.4 | 48.8 | 167.8 | 14.2 | neutral |
| 106 | 717559.4 | 5469493 | 6 | 14 | 8 | 77 | 7.39 | 7.9 | 0.9 | 30.5 | 166.7 | 10.4 | neutral |
| 107 | 711117.0 | 5503418 | 5 | 11 | 15 | 73 | 5.49 | 23.8 | 1.8 | 41.2 | 42.9 | 8.8 | acidic |
| 108 | 708801.8 | 5527395 | 7 | 20 | 25 | 55 | 5.70 | 23.0 | 2.2 | 17.3 | 120.8 | 8.4 | acidic |
| 109 | 709976.3 | 5437380 | 8 | 36 | 53 | 11 | 7.50 | 20.5 | 2.0 | 49.4 | 308.9 | 22.8 | alkaline |
| 110 | 706774.9 | 5529370 | 8 | 44 | 45 | 12 | 7.61 | 33.7 | 3.2 | 20.4 | 203.5 | 24.6 | alkaline |
| 111 | 704958.2 | 5515346 | 3 | 7 | 18 | 75 | 6.17 | 10.3 | 1.1 | 51.8 | 90.1 | 7.5 | acidic |
| 112 | 703169.4 | 5499315 | 4 | 30 | 33 | 37 | 5.90 | 36.8 | 3.2 | 10.3 | 68.9 | 13.4 | acidic |
| 113 | 703404.7 | 5481313 | 4 | 18 | 67 | 16 | 7.12 | 11.3 | 1.2 | 25.0 | 209.6 | 10.2 | neutral |
| 114 | 701274.9 | 5491289 | 5 | 18 | 45 | 37 | 6.53 | 22.9 | 2.0 | 29.1 | 53.5 | 9.6 | neutral |
| 115 | 699924.5 | 5441255 | 11 | 24 | 68 | 8 | 6.49 | 21.7 | 2.1 | 82.1 | 289.9 | 16.9 | acidic |
| 116 | 695873.4 | 5445206 | 28 | 26 | 60 | 14 | 7.11 | 22.7 | 2.4 | 87.3 | 529.5 | 17.7 | neutral |
| 117 | 690960.2 | 5515165 | 8 | 17 | 41 | 42 | 5.35 | 23.5 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 45.5 | 4.7 | acidic |
| 118 | 690084.8 | 5429127 | 11 | 26 | 63 | 11 | 7.16 | 17.3 | 1.8 | 22.3 | 233.5 | 14.6 | neutral |
| 119 | 687434.2 | 5479110 | 9 | 22 | 66 | 12 | 7.91 | 12.7 | 1.4 | 25.7 | 210.2 | 16.0 | alkaline |
| 120 | 687668.7 | 5461108 | 23 | 21 | 67 | 12 | 6.38 | 15.2 | 1.6 | 50.9 | 193.3 | 12.2 | acidic |
| 121 | 685878.0 | 5445078 | 13 | 21 | 69 | 9 | 7.55 | 16.0 | 1.6 | 28.5 | 219.8 | 17.1 | alkaline |
| 122 | 683512.7 | 5473059 | 26 | 25 | 36 | 40 | 6.93 | 13.1 | 1.4 | 26.8 | 0.0 | 10.1 | neutral |
| 123 | 677699.3 | 5458981 | 3 | 8 | 6 | 85 | 5.97 | 25.2 | 2.3 | 27.6 | 118.6 | 7.7 | acidic |
| 124 | 673751.7 | 5454931 | 3 | 24 | 12 | 64 | 6.00 | 22.3 | 2.1 | 64.3 | 139.8 | 12.3 | acidic |
| 125 | 632496.6 | 5550407 | 5 | 23 | 39 | 38 | 7.38 | 14.6 | 1.6 | 24.4 | 247.1 | 15.4 | neutral |
| 126 | 620422.9 | 5556246 | 10 | 27 | 21 | 52 | 7.43 | 14.2 | 1.5 | 52.7 | 471.5 | 17.1 | neutral |
| 127 | 610587.0 | 5544117 | 2 | 52 | 32 | 16 | 8.12 | 18.8 | 1.8 | 78.4 | 537.9 | 25.5 | alkaline |
| 128 | 608534.3 | 5548089 | 13 | 31 | 58 | 11 | 7.09 | 30.8 | 3.0 | 14.1 | 145.2 | 25.5 | neutral |
| 129 | 606269.1 | 5568058 | 7 | 41 | 41 | 18 | 7.12 | 45.2 | 3.7 | 35.1 | 263.4 | 26.5 | neutral |
| 130 | 605018.0 | 5512044 | 7 | 17 | 31 | 52 | 7.15 | 11.0 | 1.1 | 42.7 | 254.1 | 11.8 | neutral |
| 131 | 600405.0 | 5557980 | 13 | 21 | 72 | 7 | 6.34 | 14.7 | 1.6 | 22.8 | 177.0 | 12.8 | acidic |
| 132 | 598565.7 | 5545956 | 9 | 13 | 48 | 39 | 6.91 | 14.6 | 1.6 | 23.8 | 151.1 | 11.2 | neutral |
| 133 | 596031.5 | 5585920 | 4 | 44 | 47 | 9 | 6.45 | 21.7 | 2.4 | 28.8 | 431.6 | 20.3 | acidic |
| 134 | 594246.2 | 5569895 | 29 | 30 | 66 | 4 | 7.53 | 16.9 | 1.7 | 27.7 | 233.2 | 20.5 | alkaline |
| 135 | 594676.1 | 5537907 | 8 | 25 | 25 | 50 | 7.71 | 14.8 | 1.6 | 23.2 | 524.4 | 16.1 | alkaline |
| 136 | 594967.4 | 5515911 | 3 | 17 | 27 | 56 | 6.18 | 21.0 | 2.2 | 11.3 | 56.7 | 12.9 | acidic |
| 137 | 590890.7 | 5521855 | 4 | 32 | 27 | 42 | 8.02 | 12.2 | 1.3 | 53.3 | 421.6 | 12.3 | alkaline |
| 138 | 591128.2 | 5503860 | 11 | 39 | 49 | 12 | 8.05 | 17.7 | 1.4 | 40.0 | 643.0 | 18.9 | alkaline |
| 139 | 589081.3 | 5507835 | 7 | 20 | 32 | 48 | 7.23 | 6.3 | 0.7 | 25.1 | 178.2 | 10.4 | neutral |
| 140 | 586544.7 | 5547797 | 11 | 21 | 74 | 5 | 6.85 | 10.2 | 1.3 | 41.6 | 259.1 | 12.5 | neutral |
| 141 | 583967.2 | 5591742 | 5 | 33 | 59 | 8 | 7.62 | 32.9 | 3.4 | 32.2 | 349.4 | 34.4 | alkaline |
| 142 | 584918.3 | 5519778 | 4 | 36 | 60 | 5 | 7.93 | 17.5 | 1.8 | 65.7 | 585.7 | 19.5 | alkaline |
| 143 | 582760.7 | 5531749 | 11 | 29 | 63 | 8 | 8.14 | 12.9 | 1.5 | 38.9 | 355.1 | 19.8 | alkaline |
| 144 | 580709.7 | 5535722 | 17 | 25 | 72 | 3 | 7.90 | 13.1 | 1.5 | 20.3 | 239.5 | 19.2 | alkaline |
| 145 | 577029.7 | 5511675 | 11 | 22 | 64 | 14 | 7.12 | 11.5 | 1.3 | 51.4 | 196.2 | 14.2 | neutral |
| 146 | 572551.0 | 5547611 | 27 | 24 | 62 | 15 | 6.90 | 38.0 | 3.0 | 35.7 | 356.5 | 26.0 | neutral |
| 147 | 570044.3 | 5585571 | 10 | 12 | 19 | 69 | 5.85 | 17.2 | 1.5 | 18.2 | 112.3 | 8.0 | acidic |
| 148 | 570267.7 | 5567576 | 11 | 13 | 42 | 45 | 6.61 | 9.6 | 1.1 | 29.0 | 143.5 | 6.0 | neutral |
| 149 | 569275.2 | 5493572 | 4 | 26 | 72 | 2 | 7.79 | 12.4 | 1.5 | 36.8 | 196.8 | 14.6 | alkaline |
| 150 | 566877.0 | 5523538 | 44 | 38 | 52 | 10 | 8.12 | 20.1 | 2.0 | 70.1 | 534.0 | 26.0 | alkaline |
| 151 | 567113.1 | 5505545 | 7 | 36 | 59 | 5 | 7.09 | 21.6 | 2.7 | 22.0 | 245.4 | 25.1 | neutral |
| 152 | 564420.8 | 5557500 | 14 | 16 | 47 | 37 | 7.39 | 24.2 | 2.3 | 17.9 | 279.1 | 14.2 | neutral |
| 153 | 562717.9 | 5535478 | 4 | 42 | 54 | 4 | 6.85 | 12.5 | 1.4 | 29.6 | 322.0 | 24.5 | neutral |
| 154 | 558799.2 | 5529428 | 12 | 7 | 14 | 79 | 7.75 | 8.4 | 0.8 | 30.0 | 65.8 | 8.4 | alkaline |
| 155 | 554079.1 | 5583355 | 5 | 18 | 42 | 40 | 5.36 | 24.6 | 2.4 | 19.2 | 247.2 | 5.4 | acidic |
| 156 | 554991.9 | 5515379 | 14 | 27 | 66 | 8 | 7.91 | 10.7 | 1.4 | 34.7 | 194.4 | 18.5 | alkaline |
| 157 | 552857.6 | 5525351 | 8 | 17 | 78 | 5 | 7.06 | 12.4 | 1.5 | 68.3 | 274.2 | 14.5 | neutral |
| 158 | 553024.3 | 5513351 | 23 | 33 | 63 | 4 | 7.45 | 16.6 | 1.7 | 37.0 | 365.6 | 21.2 | neutral |
| 159 | 519172.3 | 5502901 | 5 | 14 | 40 | 45 | 5.96 | 14.9 | 1.4 | 56.3 | 245.4 | 7.6 | acidic |
| 160 | 510618.5 | 5542815 | 10 | 15 | 27 | 58 | 6.31 | 14.0 | 1.4 | 48.1 | 248.0 | 8.0 | acidic |
| 161 | 508615.3 | 5544746 | 16 | 14 | 25 | 61 | 5.82 | 8.7 | 1.0 | 44.9 | 142.5 | 8.5 | acidic |
| 162 | 508892.7 | 5526799 | 3 | 17 | 67 | 15 | 6.62 | 8.4 | 1.1 | 22.6 | 107.8 | 10.4 | neutral |
| 163 | 718600.3 | 5545446 | 13 | 12 | 55 | 33 | 6.71 | 17.2 | 1.8 | 42.6 | 144.8 | 8.7 | neutral |
| 164 | 712460.6 | 5553452 | 17 | 21 | 41 | 38 | 5.89 | 25.0 | 2.1 | 70.0 | 208.3 | 9.3 | acidic |
| 165 | 710165.2 | 5575427 | 36 | 18 | 53 | 29 | 7.19 | 17.1 | 1.6 | 41.0 | 85.9 | 16.0 | neutral |
| 166 | 698377.9 | 5559270 | 20 | 16 | 33 | 51 | 5.18 | 30.5 | 2.4 | 11.4 | 48.7 | 7.3 | acidic |
| 167 | 690564.4 | 5545167 | 18 | 28 | 36 | 36 | 6.07 | 25.4 | 2.6 | 10.6 | 88.5 | 17.5 | acidic |
| 168 | 686724.1 | 5533114 | 7 | 14 | 20 | 66 | 6.06 | 10.4 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 62.2 | 8.3 | acidic |
| 169 | 678247.5 | 5569008 | 6 | 17 | 40 | 43 | 6.31 | 30.8 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 151.6 | 12.9 | acidic |
| 170 | 676698.8 | 5534984 | 10 | 28 | 52 | 21 | 5.13 | 27.8 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 91.6 | 14.1 | acidic |
| 171 | 674831.1 | 5524958 | 34 | 38 | 46 | 16 | 7.74 | 43.2 | 3.9 | 143.2 | 652.7 | 35.4 | alkaline |
| 172 | 670433.2 | 5554906 | 6 | 38 | 49 | 13 | 7.07 | 29.7 | 2.9 | 45.0 | 475.5 | 25.0 | neutral |
| 173 | 668727.3 | 5532878 | 19 | 27 | 57 | 16 | 7.65 | 29.4 | 2.8 | 108.5 | 406.7 | 24.3 | alkaline |
| 174 | 664330.0 | 5562825 | 9 | 19 | 70 | 11 | 6.13 | 13.5 | 1.4 | 41.2 | 201.0 | 12.6 | acidic |
| 175 | 663096.3 | 5504801 | 2 | 30 | 58 | 12 | 6.44 | 20.9 | 2.1 | 13.4 | 82.7 | 17.9 | acidic |
| 176 | 656650.9 | 5538721 | 19 | 37 | 51 | 11 | 7.60 | 18.9 | 1.9 | 19.0 | 271.3 | 23.1 | alkaline |
| 177 | 654332.3 | 5562693 | 5 | 14 | 41 | 45 | 6.86 | 15.4 | 1.5 | 35.5 | 116.4 | 12.1 | neutral |
| 178 | 654489.6 | 5550694 | 33 | 41 | 49 | 9 | 7.39 | 38.7 | 3.7 | 58.9 | 943.0 | 37.3 | neutral |
| 179 | 654811.6 | 5526698 | 12 | 40 | 45 | 15 | 7.78 | 36.6 | 3.2 | 71.6 | 747.8 | 32.0 | alkaline |
| 180 | 655043.8 | 5508700 | 8 | 33 | 30 | 38 | 7.95 | 15.3 | 1.8 | 34.0 | 295.9 | 17.6 | alkaline |
| 181 | 648280.5 | 5566615 | 18 | 47 | 46 | 7 | 7.49 | 32.0 | 3.1 | 64.1 | 609.8 | 29.9 | neutral |
| 182 | 644521.5 | 5548565 | 47 | 59 | 36 | 5 | 5.91 | 48.5 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 405.3 | 30.5 | acidic |
| 183 | 640709.2 | 5534517 | 12 | 19 | 29 | 52 | 7.46 | 19.1 | 2.0 | 22.2 | 155.6 | 14.7 | neutral |
| 184 | 638841.6 | 5524488 | 13 | 20 | 16 | 64 | 6.83 | 22.8 | 2.1 | 27.0 | 99.0 | 23.8 | neutral |
| 185 | 636733.6 | 5532461 | 21 | 68 | 23 | 9 | 6.35 | 61.2 | 6.1 | 12.0 | 150.9 | 39.0 | acidic |
| 186 | 634925.9 | 5518440 | 6 | 15 | 37 | 48 | 6.38 | 9.5 | 1.0 | 19.6 | 179.3 | 9.7 | acidic |
| 187 | 626634.6 | 5540329 | 4 | 11 | 21 | 69 | 5.90 | 13.9 | 1.5 | 10.4 | 62.3 | 8.1 | acidic |
| 188 | 622955.2 | 5516280 | 2 | 13 | 24 | 63 | 6.66 | 9.3 | 1.1 | 50.2 | 147.3 | 7.5 | neutral |
| 189 | 658950.5 | 5362713 | 8 | 21 | 31 | 48 | 7.05 | 18.9 | 2.0 | 59.0 | 226.6 | 15.1 | neutral |
| 190 | 656694.0 | 5382693 | 9 | 33 | 34 | 33 | 6.63 | 44.3 | 5.1 | 17.8 | 110.9 | 32.6 | neutral |
| 191 | 657081.0 | 5352686 | 9 | 21 | 51 | 28 | 7.48 | 24.4 | 2.1 | 16.0 | 108.7 | 19.5 | neutral |
| 192 | 651109.7 | 5350613 | 12 | 22 | 50 | 28 | 6.67 | 14.2 | 1.6 | 64.4 | 235.0 | 16.2 | neutral |
| 193 | 646828.4 | 5372566 | 4 | 13 | 26 | 61 | 6.05 | 10.3 | 1.3 | 60.9 | 224.0 | 17.9 | acidic |
| 194 | 644931.3 | 5364538 | 6 | 33 | 40 | 28 | 7.46 | 59.7 | 5.4 | 24.4 | 100.6 | 39.1 | neutral |
| 195 | 640727.4 | 5380492 | 9 | 21 | 32 | 47 | 7.38 | 49.3 | 4.9 | 62.3 | 117.1 | 29.6 | neutral |
| 196 | 638391.3 | 5406468 | 7 | 9 | 27 | 63 | 6.54 | 14.2 | 1.4 | 64.7 | 204.4 | 9.0 | neutral |
| 197 | 636573.8 | 5392446 | 47 | 20 | 44 | 37 | 8.08 | 40.3 | 1.9 | 59.6 | 162.5 | 18.7 | alkaline |
| 198 | 636891.3 | 5366442 | 4 | 11 | 24 | 65 | 6.50 | 10.5 | 1.3 | 59.9 | 198.2 | 7.6 | acidic |
| 199 | 634627.7 | 5388417 | 13 | 45 | 33 | 22 | 7.50 | 66.5 | 6.3 | 54.0 | 192.7 | 54.2 | alkaline |
| 200 | 635093.0 | 5352410 | 20 | 33 | 42 | 24 | 7.32 | 24.6 | 2.5 | 45.9 | 155.1 | 26.5 | neutral |
| 201 | 633302.5 | 5336385 | 10 | 21 | 72 | 7 | 6.61 | 9.2 | 1.1 | 30.0 | 157.4 | 8.9 | neutral |
| 202 | 633533.8 | 5318379 | 7 | 34 | 49 | 16 | 6.24 | 121.2 | 12.2 | 33.5 | 86.8 | 62.0 | acidic |
| 203 | 634042.9 | 5278365 | 12 | 29 | 41 | 30 | 6.35 | 37.5 | 3.9 | 0.0 | 85.4 | 20.8 | acidic |
| 204 | 631636.7 | 5310352 | 8 | 30 | 34 | 36 | 6.30 | 43.3 | 4.4 | 43.1 | 319.3 | 23.3 | acidic |
| 205 | 629996.9 | 5282319 | 4 | 27 | 56 | 17 | 7.12 | 55.8 | 5.7 | 21.8 | 119.8 | 31.7 | neutral |
| 206 | 627332.9 | 5334307 | 7 | 31 | 33 | 36 | 7.10 | 68.3 | 6.5 | 40.2 | 211.9 | 37.1 | neutral |
| 207 | 627794.9 | 5298297 | 29 | 28 | 44 | 28 | 7.04 | 69.4 | 6.5 | 67.5 | 217.0 | 33.1 | neutral |
| 208 | 623949.8 | 5286244 | 6 | 22 | 42 | 36 | 5.57 | 30.8 | 3.3 | 10.9 | 56.3 | 10.8 | acidic |
| 209 | 620167.6 | 5424238 | 7 | 43 | 31 | 26 | 7.82 | 20.1 | 2.2 | 23.6 | 710.4 | 28.2 | alkaline |
| 210 | 620404.2 | 5406237 | 12 | 36 | 50 | 14 | 7.19 | 32.3 | 3.3 | 19.1 | 173.9 | 30.8 | neutral |
| 211 | 620638.0 | 5388237 | 12 | 30 | 65 | 5 | 7.54 | 16.0 | 1.7 | 28.2 | 298.6 | 19.3 | alkaline |
| 212 | 621181.7 | 5346233 | 12 | 25 | 42 | 34 | 5.78 | 21.9 | 2.2 | 12.1 | 126.5 | 13.0 | acidic |
| 213 | 621413.6 | 5328231 | 7 | 23 | 31 | 46 | 5.66 | 32.9 | 2.7 | 14.9 | 42.1 | 12.9 | acidic |
| 214 | 618957.6 | 5362223 | 16 | 8 | 16 | 76 | 5.88 | 12.9 | 1.5 | 57.8 | 239.1 | 6.9 | acidic |
| 215 | 619620.3 | 5312201 | 15 | 25 | 61 | 14 | 6.39 | 22.1 | 2.3 | 12.8 | 182.3 | 12.9 | acidic |
| 216 | 619672.0 | 5308201 | 7 | 49 | 33 | 18 | 6.86 | 61.6 | 6.3 | 46.6 | 388.9 | 49.7 | neutral |
| 217 | 620082.2 | 5276192 | 24 | 28 | 52 | 20 | 7.17 | 55.8 | 5.7 | 31.6 | 74.8 | 28.2 | neutral |
| 218 | 617109.0 | 5352183 | 7 | 30 | 41 | 30 | 6.09 | 36.8 | 3.6 | 26.5 | 73.0 | 11.2 | acidic |
| 219 | 618032.4 | 5280167 | 21 | 14 | 53 | 32 | 6.54 | 42.0 | 4.1 | 0.0 | 72.0 | 22.5 | neutral |
| 220 | 614145.3 | 5426159 | 13 | 39 | 36 | 25 | 7.87 | 20.6 | 2.2 | 80.6 | 628.0 | 25.2 | alkaline |
| 221 | 614379.5 | 5408160 | 8 | 31 | 64 | 6 | 6.48 | 19.1 | 2.0 | 71.2 | 594.1 | 20.8 | acidic |
| 222 | 614615.6 | 5390161 | 1 | 31 | 58 | 11 | 6.04 | 24.4 | 2.3 | 13.2 | 123.8 | 18.6 | acidic |
| 223 | 614901.8 | 5368156 | 9 | 15 | 37 | 49 | 6.01 | 12.6 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 58.5 | 11.7 | acidic |
| 224 | 615032.0 | 5358161 | 6 | 30 | 52 | 17 | 6.22 | 21.6 | 2.4 | 39.4 | 121.1 | 17.8 | acidic |
| 225 | 615134.7 | 5350158 | 9 | 19 | 33 | 47 | 6.94 | 11.8 | 1.4 | 54.0 | 170.5 | 15.4 | neutral |
| 226 | 615265.6 | 5340157 | 4 | 16 | 33 | 51 | 5.65 | 24.2 | 2.7 | 12.6 | 73.3 | 8.6 | acidic |
| 227 | 613651.6 | 5310125 | 26 | 20 | 46 | 34 | 7.20 | 35.2 | 3.2 | 41.0 | 211.5 | 20.9 | neutral |
| 228 | 610771.0 | 5378107 | 14 | 26 | 46 | 29 | 7.67 | 61.1 | 5.4 | 46.4 | 126.6 | 54.6 | alkaline |
| 229 | 611781.2 | 5300099 | 29 | 19 | 54 | 27 | 7.28 | 59.4 | 5.1 | 35.9 | 194.7 | 34.0 | neutral |
| 230 | 609424.0 | 5328078 | 12 | 39 | 42 | 19 | 6.50 | 122.1 | 9.1 | 15.9 | 94.5 | 62.5 | acidic |
| 231 | 609887.2 | 5292070 | 10 | 17 | 51 | 32 | 7.16 | 55.0 | 5.3 | 45.6 | 239.2 | 28.9 | neutral |
| 232 | 607372.7 | 5332054 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.14 | 251.3 | 16.8 | 0.0 | 78.6 | 61.9 | acidic |
| 233 | 607786.2 | 5300048 | 6 | 25 | 46 | 29 | 5.85 | 37.8 | 4.0 | 24.3 | 93.6 | 15.0 | acidic |
| 234 | 606146.5 | 5272012 | 3 | 27 | 50 | 23 | 6.32 | 42.4 | 4.4 | 10.3 | 85.2 | 26.9 | acidic |
| 235 | 603582.9 | 5315999 | 10 | 30 | 34 | 36 | 6.30 | 35.7 | 3.5 | 18.7 | 178.1 | 22.6 | acidic |
| 236 | 603816.0 | 5297997 | 8 | 26 | 46 | 28 | 5.39 | 28.6 | 3.0 | 21.2 | 94.1 | 13.8 | acidic |
| 237 | 600973.9 | 5366005 | 9 | 22 | 55 | 23 | 7.10 | 18.2 | 1.9 | 61.8 | 495.1 | 17.3 | neutral |
| 238 | 601767.3 | 5301971 | 19 | 31 | 38 | 30 | 7.36 | 29.1 | 3.0 | 18.1 | 115.1 | 34.0 | neutral |
| 239 | 601997.0 | 5283966 | 26 | 30 | 43 | 27 | 6.45 | 90.7 | 8.1 | 44.5 | 134.5 | 47.8 | acidic |
| 240 | 599354.7 | 5333951 | 5 | 14 | 39 | 47 | 6.49 | 14.8 | 1.7 | 47.4 | 137.4 | 12.4 | acidic |
| 241 | 596628.3 | 5389928 | 4 | 18 | 28 | 54 | 7.95 | 14.7 | 1.5 | 30.7 | 275.8 | 15.0 | alkaline |
| 242 | 597382.0 | 5331926 | 8 | 23 | 50 | 28 | 6.46 | 26.1 | 2.7 | 33.6 | 387.6 | 15.2 | acidic |
| 243 | 597564.0 | 5317924 | 3 | 27 | 37 | 36 | 6.05 | 32.3 | 3.4 | 14.0 | 84.9 | 17.4 | acidic |
| 244 | 595668.8 | 5309896 | 4 | 35 | 33 | 32 | 5.95 | 38.8 | 3.9 | 37.3 | 231.0 | 23.6 | acidic |
| 245 | 596131.2 | 5273889 | 6 | 19 | 47 | 34 | 6.07 | 35.2 | 3.8 | 10.6 | 74.6 | 22.2 | acidic |
| 246 | 594082.5 | 5277863 | 21 | 20 | 46 | 34 | 7.38 | 37.8 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 71.4 | 25.9 | neutral |
| 247 | 591192.3 | 5345847 | 18 | 20 | 45 | 35 | 6.32 | 6.1 | 0.8 | 10.7 | 145.1 | 7.3 | acidic |
| 248 | 591826.2 | 5297843 | 4 | 25 | 41 | 34 | 5.54 | 28.7 | 3.1 | 0.0 | 75.8 | 13.6 | acidic |
| 249 | 588918.8 | 5367823 | 22 | 24 | 45 | 31 | 7.53 | 32.5 | 2.9 | 69.9 | 352.7 | 19.9 | alkaline |
| 250 | 589102.2 | 5353824 | 5 | 14 | 38 | 48 | 6.45 | 13.6 | 1.5 | 31.7 | 116.6 | 10.0 | acidic |
| 251 | 589802.7 | 5299817 | 9 | 21 | 34 | 45 | 5.53 | 29.4 | 2.8 | 41.0 | 196.4 | 12.6 | acidic |
| 252 | 590085.4 | 5277812 | 6 | 24 | 36 | 41 | 6.03 | 25.4 | 2.8 | 12.8 | 214.5 | 13.5 | acidic |
| 253 | 587467.5 | 5325796 | 11 | 15 | 60 | 25 | 6.08 | 11.2 | 1.3 | 64.0 | 200.6 | 9.7 | acidic |
| 254 | 587701.4 | 5307794 | 13 | 32 | 35 | 33 | 6.33 | 43.2 | 4.2 | 25.3 | 123.7 | 26.5 | acidic |
| 255 | 576980.3 | 5363668 | 14 | 33 | 47 | 20 | 7.47 | 22.6 | 2.7 | 29.3 | 336.1 | 27.4 | neutral |
| 256 | 574153.8 | 5273606 | 6 | 22 | 47 | 31 | 5.34 | 30.7 | 3.4 | 69.1 | 142.8 | 10.6 | acidic |
| 257 | 566189.3 | 5271503 | 16 | 26 | 42 | 32 | 5.67 | 49.1 | 4.8 | 27.2 | 95.2 | 18.8 | acidic |
| 258 | 560168.8 | 5273426 | 7 | 25 | 41 | 34 | 5.85 | 31.4 | 3.4 | 29.4 | 71.0 | 15.8 | acidic |
| 259 | 848381.1 | 5411014 | 23 | 11 | 28 | 62 | 6.36 | 17.8 | 1.3 | 12.2 | 46.0 | 7.1 | acidic |
| 260 | 840424.0 | 5406921 | 5 | 20 | 42 | 38 | 5.22 | 32.5 | 3.0 | 19.1 | 153.9 | 8.9 | acidic |
| 261 | 838498.1 | 5400889 | 38 | 4 | 27 | 69 | 4.73 | 27.3 | 1.4 | 36.8 | 88.7 | 4.4 | acidic |
| 262 | 830191.3 | 5424818 | 20 | 24 | 40 | 36 | 5.49 | 40.2 | 3.3 | 0.0 | 64.5 | 7.6 | acidic |
| 263 | 828515.6 | 5402761 | 7 | 12 | 27 | 61 | 5.27 | 17.9 | 1.5 | 80.9 | 145.3 | 8.7 | acidic |
| 264 | 826740.9 | 5380728 | 3 | 18 | 77 | 5 | 5.36 | 17.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 60.4 | 8.3 | acidic |
| 265 | 822412.6 | 5406711 | 20 | 8 | 15 | 76 | 5.79 | 21.9 | 2.2 | 28.5 | 145.2 | 7.0 | acidic |
| 266 | 822864.0 | 5370676 | 6 | 20 | 58 | 23 | 6.80 | 15.5 | 1.6 | 66.6 | 157.8 | 11.1 | neutral |
| 267 | 818233.3 | 5420675 | 11 | 18 | 37 | 45 | 5.67 | 26.9 | 2.5 | 28.9 | 64.0 | 7.4 | acidic |
| 268 | 816705.3 | 5382628 | 27 | 24 | 45 | 31 | 7.27 | 16.3 | 1.6 | 61.8 | 102.7 | 21.7 | neutral |
| 269 | 812859.8 | 5370547 | 13 | 12 | 38 | 50 | 6.08 | 14.9 | 1.8 | 65.4 | 246.8 | 8.8 | acidic |
| 270 | 812996.4 | 5360528 | 6 | 20 | 45 | 36 | 6.95 | 19.1 | 2.0 | 36.5 | 141.5 | 12.0 | neutral |
| 271 | 808400.9 | 5406547 | 5 | 21 | 73 | 6 | 6.38 | 23.6 | 2.5 | 28.1 | 386.7 | 10.0 | acidic |
| 272 | 804869.5 | 5370467 | 23 | 18 | 49 | 33 | 7.37 | 18.9 | 1.9 | 80.6 | 223.5 | 16.0 | neutral |
| 273 | 802478.3 | 5400470 | 5 | 13 | 36 | 51 | 7.55 | 33.1 | 1.8 | 54.2 | 145.7 | 12.9 | alkaline |
| 274 | 800660.1 | 5384422 | 4 | 18 | 47 | 35 | 7.00 | 10.8 | 1.3 | 40.4 | 276.1 | 10.3 | neutral |
| 275 | 801013.0 | 5366354 | 17 | 33 | 58 | 9 | 6.80 | 27.8 | 2.5 | 96.6 | 442.7 | 21.0 | neutral |
| 276 | 798245.9 | 5418439 | 8 | 15 | 29 | 56 | 4.37 | 32.4 | 3.1 | 16.4 | 62.4 | 4.5 | acidic |
| 277 | 798423.6 | 5404427 | 4 | 32 | 61 | 7 | 7.55 | 41.9 | 3.2 | 113.6 | 88.0 | 29.3 | alkaline |
| 278 | 798878.6 | 5368397 | 16 | 20 | 47 | 33 | 5.43 | 27.7 | 2.8 | 12.0 | 53.5 | 10.8 | acidic |
| 279 | 796373.0 | 5408407 | 11 | 18 | 41 | 42 | 7.55 | 28.8 | 2.2 | 39.8 | 129.3 | 15.7 | alkaline |
| 280 | 794550.6 | 5396423 | 11 | 24 | 70 | 6 | 7.94 | 9.0 | 1.0 | 45.2 | 119.2 | 16.8 | alkaline |
| 281 | 794750.8 | 5378335 | 7 | 17 | 53 | 30 | 5.78 | 12.5 | 1.4 | 49.7 | 210.4 | 6.7 | acidic |
| 282 | 784293.6 | 5414267 | 11 | 18 | 76 | 6 | 7.27 | 10.5 | 1.3 | 66.9 | 352.4 | 11.2 | neutral |
| 283 | 784909.1 | 5364222 | 14 | 20 | 53 | 27 | 5.63 | 17.3 | 1.8 | 15.5 | 91.9 | 9.1 | acidic |
| 284 | 778369.1 | 5408191 | 16 | 19 | 68 | 13 | 7.78 | 18.1 | 1.6 | 101.2 | 375.1 | 15.3 | alkaline |
| 285 | 774212.3 | 5420157 | 16 | 16 | 42 | 42 | 7.63 | 15.1 | 1.7 | 103.9 | 378.8 | 14.7 | alkaline |
| 286 | 774622.5 | 5384144 | 32 | 20 | 64 | 16 | 6.23 | 16.3 | 1.8 | 29.4 | 118.8 | 10.4 | acidic |
| 287 | 774899.2 | 5366121 | 16 | 16 | 56 | 27 | 6.40 | 16.2 | 1.7 | 54.3 | 241.1 | 10.7 | acidic |
| 288 | 772025.9 | 5434135 | 6 | 16 | 43 | 41 | 5.83 | 15.3 | 1.4 | 91.2 | 206.0 | 10.5 | acidic |
| 289 | 772505.3 | 5392106 | 9 | 29 | 54 | 17 | 7.90 | 21.2 | 1.9 | 50.9 | 381.3 | 22.9 | alkaline |
| 290 | 772850.0 | 5370093 | 13 | 15 | 36 | 49 | 5.71 | 13.0 | 1.5 | 15.8 | 65.1 | 8.0 | acidic |
| 291 | 770440.8 | 5402094 | 23 | 23 | 59 | 18 | 7.81 | 17.1 | 1.5 | 67.8 | 283.4 | 17.6 | alkaline |
| 292 | 770567.5 | 5390130 | 29 | 24 | 48 | 28 | 7.03 | 13.8 | 1.5 | 88.3 | 274.0 | 17.6 | neutral |
| 293 | 768578.6 | 5406123 | 13 | 30 | 62 | 8 | 7.68 | 17.7 | 1.9 | 89.2 | 313.7 | 22.7 | alkaline |
| 294 | 768797.3 | 5374050 | 21 | 32 | 47 | 21 | 6.55 | 20.2 | 2.1 | 64.8 | 321.1 | 22.3 | neutral |
| 295 | 760132.9 | 5425983 | 8 | 9 | 21 | 70 | 7.36 | 12.4 | 1.3 | 67.8 | 150.7 | 7.8 | neutral |
| 296 | 758157.4 | 5423962 | 4 | 14 | 61 | 25 | 7.38 | 45.1 | 3.1 | 15.9 | 56.8 | 21.6 | neutral |
| 297 | 758515.3 | 5395946 | 28 | 37 | 47 | 16 | 7.23 | 148.1 | 11.2 | 52.6 | 260.9 | 83.7 | neutral |
| 298 | 754333.2 | 5409896 | 6 | 19 | 61 | 20 | 6.94 | 13.5 | 1.4 | 78.7 | 384.1 | 12.2 | neutral |
| 299 | 754614.6 | 5387893 | 10 | 17 | 73 | 10 | 6.93 | 15.0 | 1.7 | 50.6 | 285.4 | 13.6 | neutral |
| 300 | 744998.1 | 5357759 | 8 | 18 | 40 | 42 | 7.17 | 21.3 | 2.2 | 68.9 | 64.1 | 18.1 | neutral |
| 301 | 740384.7 | 5405734 | 2 | 26 | 61 | 14 | 7.26 | 16.5 | 1.7 | 54.0 | 314.0 | 2.7 | neutral |
| 302 | 738436.8 | 5401710 | 8 | 29 | 60 | 10 | 7.37 | 18.9 | 1.9 | 42.3 | 235.3 | 18.9 | neutral |
| 303 | 736615.8 | 5387675 | 8 | 24 | 61 | 15 | 7.83 | 35.1 | 3.2 | 33.0 | 0.0 | 32.7 | alkaline |
| 304 | 734362.7 | 5407662 | 7 | 33 | 39 | 27 | 5.62 | 17.4 | 1.8 | 42.0 | 255.7 | 21.5 | acidic |
| 305 | 732822.5 | 5369684 | 2 | 30 | 46 | 24 | 6.61 | 11.9 | 1.4 | 38.2 | 202.9 | 16.1 | neutral |
| 306 | 728437.5 | 5401587 | 21 | 26 | 51 | 23 | 6.96 | 19.3 | 2.1 | 78.2 | 353.2 | 18.4 | neutral |
| 307 | 728593.1 | 5389584 | 26 | 26 | 64 | 10 | 7.77 | 14.8 | 1.7 | 73.5 | 344.9 | 18.3 | alkaline |
| 308 | 724132.0 | 5425551 | 17 | 29 | 31 | 40 | 7.09 | 12.9 | 1.5 | 50.2 | 16.6 | 17.6 | neutral |
| 309 | 720668.9 | 5383481 | 15 | 26 | 48 | 26 | 7.53 | 11.0 | 1.4 | 35.9 | 198.1 | 19.0 | alkaline |
| 310 | 718258.2 | 5415470 | 5 | 27 | 61 | 13 | 7.74 | 14.5 | 1.4 | 72.6 | 334.2 | 18.2 | alkaline |
| 311 | 714389.3 | 5405419 | 2 | 24 | 61 | 15 | 7.65 | 13.8 | 1.5 | 57.3 | 218.9 | 19.0 | alkaline |
| 312 | 714567.8 | 5391413 | 8 | 21 | 64 | 15 | 7.56 | 17.6 | 1.8 | 90.8 | 231.9 | 17.4 | alkaline |
| 313 | 710259.3 | 5415358 | 9 | 22 | 40 | 38 | 7.51 | 10.9 | 1.2 | 67.5 | 203.5 | 15.1 | alkaline |
| 314 | 679435.2 | 5479005 | 35 | 27 | 60 | 13 | 6.25 | 25.2 | 2.5 | 10.3 | 0.0 | 14.3 | acidic |
| 315 | 667413.9 | 5480857 | 13 | 41 | 29 | 30 | 5.73 | 44.0 | 4.2 | 17.5 | 133.2 | 26.1 | acidic |
| 316 | 667830.4 | 5448853 | 3 | 32 | 27 | 41 | 7.21 | 22.0 | 2.1 | 64.5 | 583.4 | 22.2 | neutral |
| 317 | 661991.6 | 5436765 | 11 | 36 | 56 | 8 | 7.15 | 18.7 | 2.0 | 83.7 | 614.5 | 21.1 | neutral |
| 318 | 655285.1 | 5490700 | 6 | 4 | 9 | 86 | 5.63 | 7.8 | 0.7 | 45.7 | 82.7 | 5.1 | acidic |
| 319 | 655914.0 | 5442699 | 17 | 25 | 58 | 17 | 7.01 | 13.6 | 1.4 | 28.1 | 183.2 | 12.5 | neutral |
| 320 | 649942.5 | 5440626 | 6 | 38 | 48 | 14 | 6.40 | 26.3 | 2.7 | 37.4 | 257.7 | 21.5 | acidic |
| 321 | 644155.2 | 5424548 | 6 | 22 | 68 | 10 | 5.92 | 16.3 | 1.7 | 55.8 | 191.1 | 10.4 | acidic |
| 322 | 640078.4 | 5430493 | 6 | 49 | 45 | 6 | 7.72 | 19.8 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 264.4 | 24.0 | alkaline |
| 323 | 637333.6 | 5486472 | 4 | 17 | 41 | 42 | 6.92 | 13.8 | 1.3 | 54.1 | 265.3 | 9.9 | neutral |
| 324 | 637448.9 | 5478465 | 8 | 18 | 28 | 53 | 6.39 | 19.3 | 2.0 | 21.2 | 47.7 | 11.2 | acidic |
| 325 | 638188.8 | 5424477 | 12 | 27 | 68 | 5 | 5.86 | 19.2 | 2.2 | 21.6 | 80.6 | 13.6 | acidic |
| 326 | 635792.1 | 5452444 | 8 | 10 | 26 | 64 | 5.36 | 9.4 | 0.8 | 95.6 | 116.5 | 2.9 | acidic |
| 327 | 631951.7 | 5440391 | 12 | 43 | 30 | 27 | 7.41 | 26.8 | 2.4 | 34.3 | 346.0 | 21.5 | neutral |
| 328 | 629056.9 | 5508361 | 3 | 24 | 47 | 29 | 6.71 | 11.0 | 1.2 | 16.1 | 246.6 | 11.7 | neutral |
| 329 | 630005.1 | 5436366 | 17 | 30 | 53 | 17 | 5.90 | 16.7 | 1.9 | 15.6 | 146.0 | 14.2 | acidic |
| 330 | 627666.1 | 5462337 | 8 | 18 | 36 | 46 | 6.68 | 34.6 | 3.5 | 45.7 | 106.0 | 21.9 | neutral |
| 331 | 625455.2 | 5478313 | 13 | 25 | 25 | 51 | 6.91 | 38.1 | 3.7 | 24.1 | 148.7 | 24.5 | neutral |
| 332 | 625535.5 | 5472313 | 3 | 9 | 24 | 67 | 7.14 | 13.6 | 1.7 | 63.8 | 388.3 | 9.4 | neutral |
| 333 | 625771.4 | 5454315 | 7 | 11 | 26 | 63 | 7.49 | 6.0 | 0.7 | 60.5 | 198.0 | 9.0 | neutral |
| 334 | 626008.8 | 5436316 | 6 | 41 | 48 | 11 | 6.50 | 30.8 | 2.9 | 0.0 | 156.4 | 24.9 | acidic |
| 335 | 617326.8 | 5488205 | 6 | 22 | 22 | 56 | 6.01 | 13.8 | 1.4 | 28.3 | 126.7 | 10.4 | acidic |
| 336 | 615225.9 | 5496179 | 13 | 31 | 34 | 36 | 7.45 | 28.0 | 2.9 | 27.6 | 133.5 | 23.9 | neutral |
| 337 | 611225.1 | 5496124 | 8 | 9 | 24 | 68 | 7.60 | 11.7 | 1.4 | 101.4 | 232.3 | 12.3 | alkaline |
| 338 | 607545.4 | 5472076 | 5 | 13 | 37 | 50 | 6.24 | 12.5 | 1.5 | 64.9 | 308.4 | 9.2 | acidic |
| 339 | 605729.7 | 5458054 | 12 | 74 | 23 | 3 | 6.50 | 53.3 | 5.9 | 0.0 | 269.8 | 54.8 | acidic |
| 340 | 599414.6 | 5481971 | 26 | 42 | 53 | 5 | 7.12 | 45.2 | 4.5 | 28.0 | 258.2 | 37.6 | neutral |
| 341 | 599577.1 | 5469973 | 13 | 23 | 35 | 42 | 7.05 | 14.5 | 1.5 | 32.9 | 263.9 | 13.7 | neutral |
| 342 | 595869.6 | 5447893 | 3 | 20 | 45 | 35 | 7.46 | 10.1 | 1.1 | 19.3 | 120.8 | 13.0 | neutral |
| 343 | 591368.8 | 5485864 | 3 | 19 | 74 | 7 | 7.91 | 11.4 | 1.4 | 26.3 | 161.7 | 16.0 | alkaline |
| 344 | 585398.3 | 5483786 | 12 | 34 | 47 | 18 | 7.73 | 16.8 | 1.8 | 46.6 | 328.1 | 22.8 | alkaline |
| 345 | 583374.3 | 5485761 | 12 | 38 | 58 | 4 | 7.50 | 37.3 | 3.5 | 13.3 | 185.8 | 40.7 | alkaline |
| 346 | 581586.1 | 5469739 | 0 | 36 | 53 | 11 | 7.30 | 29.4 | 3.0 | 15.2 | 527.2 | 24.8 | neutral |
write.table()R also allows to export our output/results in different formats:
write.table(soil_data, file = "output/this_is_a_copy_of_soil_data_made_with_R.csv", sep = ",",
row.names = FALSE, col.names = TRUE)
When we work with data, is important to describe our data to understand it better. There are a wide variety of statistics used to describe or summarize data in terms of central tendency, shape, position, etc.
# We separate only two properties to make easier to work with them
pH <- soil_data$pH
OC <- soil_data$OC
N <- soil_data$N
# and we also create a data.frame with those 3 variables (only for easy handling)
data <- as.data.frame(cbind(pH, OC, N))
mean(pH)
## [1] 6.738237
median(pH)
## [1] 6.85
min(pH)
## [1] 3.81
max(pH)
## [1] 8.14
range(pH)
## [1] 3.81 8.14
sd(pH)
## [1] 0.7908862
quantile(pH)
## 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
## 3.8100 6.1625 6.8500 7.3800 8.1400
summary(pH)
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 3.810 6.162 6.850 6.738 7.380 8.140
# TABLE
some functions are not included in base R, but implemented via
packages. E.g. moments
library(moments)
skewness(pH)
## [1] -0.4164928
Skewness indicates if our data distribution is symmetric or not:
kurtosis(pH)
## [1] 2.619499
Kurtosis describe is how long is the tail of our data distribution:
Pearson correlation coefficient cor()
\[{r_{xy}=\frac{\sum_{i = 1}^{n}(x_i-\overline{x})(y_{i}-\overline{y})}{\sqrt{\sum_{i = 1}^{n}(x_{i}-\overline{x})^2}{\sqrt{\sum_{i = 1}^{n}(y_{i}-\overline{y})^2}}}}\]
where:
and analogously for \({\bar {y}}\)
Examples:
So now with our data…
cor(OC, N)
## [1] 0.9705
lm()in R, the linear models are written as
lm(y ~ x, data)
Example:
linearModel <- lm(OC ~ N , data = data)
summary(linearModel)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = OC ~ N, data = data)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -27.003 -2.030 -0.056 1.587 45.320
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -5.4002 0.5552 -9.726 <2e-16 ***
## N 12.5904 0.1686 74.658 <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 5.997 on 344 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9419, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9417
## F-statistic: 5574 on 1 and 344 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
plot(linearModel)
When running this command, we obtain a set of 4 plots that are out of
the scope of this “introduction”, but:
This is just a visual check, not an air-tight proof, so it is somewhat subjective. But it allows us to see at-a-glance if our assumption is plausible, and if not, how the assumption is violated and what data points contribute to the violation.
Source: Understanding Diagnostic Plots for Linear Regression Analysiscor()\[R^2≡1-\frac{\sum(y_{i}-\hat{y_{i}})^2}{\sum(y_{i}-\overline{y})^2}\]
\[R^2=r×r\]
cor(OC, linearModel$fitted.values) * cor(OC, linearModel$fitted.values)
## [1] 0.9418703
\[RMSE=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i = 1}^{n}{(\hat{y_{i}}-y_{i})^2}}\]
sqrt(1 / length(rbind(linearModel$residuals)) * sum(rbind(linearModel$residuals) ^ 2))
## [1] 5.980082
Base R does not include a function for RMSE in base R, but in R we can create custom functions as follows:
function_name <- function(input_x, input_y, ...) {
some_operations
}
Let's create our own RMSE function:
rmse <- function(x, y) {
sqrt(mean((x - y) ^ 2))
}
Requires input
rmse(linearModel$fitted.values, OC)
## [1] 5.980082
boxplot()boxplot(pH, N, names = c("pH value", "N [%]"), ylab = "pH in water and N")
What does the boxplot show?
hist()hist(pH,
xlab = "pH value",
ylab = "Frequency",
main = ""
)
plot(density()plot(density(pH),
xlab = "pH value",
ylab = "Frequency",
main = ""
)
plot(x, y)plot(N,
OC,
xlab = "OC [%]",
ylab = "N [%]"
)
Directly in the graphic routines (help with ?par)
col = ...pch = ..., sizes with
cex = ...main = ..., axis label with
xlab = ..., ylab = ...xlim = ...,
ylim = ...After drawing a graphic
lines(...) or
points(...) respectively.text(...) or
mtext(...)title(...)legend(...)Output adjustment
main Title of the diagramxlab labeling of the x-axisylab labeling of the y-axisbreaks frequency classes number of barscol color filling of the barscex gradual scaling of text sizehist(pH,
xlab = "pH value",
ylab = "Frequency",
main = "",
breaks = seq(3.5, 8.5, 0.125),
col = "red",
cex = 0.5
)
RomeWhen working with code, it is very common that there are several ways to solve the same problem.
Exercise:
Calculate all the statistical parameters for one different variable
Create boxplots and histograms for clay content and P
Calculate correlations between clay content, OC, N, and P
And now for the frequency distribution of pH_class, create one of the next plots with the tools we already saw.
In the variable pH_class, pH is classified as:
Hint: The three different version are made with a
barplot(), plot() and
hist()
When you set graphical parameters in Rstudio using this method, it is important to set the properties, plot the figures and reset the properties to the way they were before. Otherwise, every time we plot something, it will follow the set parameters.
par( # set or query graphical parameters
mfrow = c(1, 3), # 1 x 3 pictures on one plot, equivalent to mfcol = c(3, 1)
mar = c(5.1, 4.1, 4.1, 2.1), # margins as c(bottom, left, top, right)
oma = c(0, 0, 0, 0), # outer margins in lines of text as c(bottom, left, top, right)
mgp = c(3, .1, 0), # margins line for axis title, axis label and axis line
las = 0, # label axis style
cex.lab = 1, # size of the labels
cex.axis = 1, # size of the axis annotation
xpd = FALSE # If FALSE, all plotting is clipped to the plot region, if TRUE, all plotting is clipped to the figure region, and if NA, all plotting is clipped to the device region.
)
plot(…); plot(…); plot(…)
par(mfrow = c(1, 1),
mar = c(5.1, 4.1, 4.1, 2.1),
oma = c(0, 0, 0, 0),
mgp = c(3, 1, 0),
las = 0,
cex.lab = 1,
cex.axis = 1,
)
In R it is possible to export images in the most common formats and can be extended from packages. The output format must be specified and the file will be generated by default in our working directory.
tiff("filename.tiff", width = 21, height = 8, units = "cm", res = 300)
par(…)
plot(…); plot(…); plot(…)
par(…)
dev.off()
Plot export can be done in most of the image formats. E.g. .png, .jpg, .svg, etc.
No! R and Rstudio provide several tools to help us do this:
R
will ignore all the text that start with #. Is a good
practice to comment our code, is very useful if somebody else need to
understand your code or for yourself in the future. In Rstudio, you can
comment/uncomment the selected text with Ctrl+⇧Shift+CTab ↹, and it will display a list with the possible
parameters for that function. move up ↑ and down
↓ and select with ↵ Return.F1, write ?function,
help(function) or help('function') in the
Rstudio console, and it will display the corresponding documentation for
that function in the help panel.Many functions are not included in the basic version of R. Therefore, there is an almost confusing variety of additional libraries for special applications. Examples:
ggplot2 and lattice for advanced
graphicsdplyr, reshape2 and tidyr for
data manipulationsp and sf for spatial data (shapefiles,
geopackage, etc.)raster, terra, stars for
spatial raster datacaret as wrapping function for machine-learning
librariesRQGIS and RSAGA as bridges to QGIS and
SAGA GISIn the console or the script
install.packages(ggplot2) # install a library, this has to be executed only once per environment
library(ggplot2) # loading a library
detach(ggplot2) # Removing a loaded library